In this chapter, Hamp-Lyons tries to emphasize and encourage a better understanding of the complexities involved in moving from an exam culture to a learning culture. Furthermore, she affirms that the gaps are dynamic, highly contextualized, multidimensional. Hamp-Lyons adds that : “Substantive change will only occur by creating connections between members of the different cultures, so that they can meet and listen to each others' voices.”(page 8)The first voice the author is talking about is the one of the teachers themselves. She encourages the teachers’ empowerment. When teachers are powerless, they tend to classical norm-referenced testing. Moreover, when talking about teachers’ empowerment, the author enrol them in performance assessment